Heart Attack Information

Also called: MI, Myocardial infarction

Each year over a million people in the U.S. have a heart attack. About half of them die. Many people have permanent heart damage or die because they don't get help immediately. It's important to know the symptoms of a heart attack and call 9-1-1 if someone is having them. Those symptoms include
Chest discomfort - pressure, squeezing, or pain
Shortness of breath
Discomfort in the upper body - arms, shoulder, neck, back
Nausea, vomiting, dizziness, lightheadedness, sweating

These symptoms can sometimes be different in women.

What exactly is a heart attack? Most heart attacks happen when a clot in the coronary artery blocks the supply of blood and oxygen to the heart. Often this leads to an irregular heartbeat – called an arrhythmia - that causes a severe decrease in the pumping function of the heart. A blockage that is not treated within a few hours causes the affected heart muscle to die.

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute

Cancer Research

© David L. Hoffmann B.Sc. (Hons), M.N.I.M.H.

This section has been written in an attempt to provide an insight for the herbalist about allopathic research and use of plants in oncology. It is by no means comprehensive, and is not meant to imply any endorsement of the techniques or principles. It also is not meant to imply any a prioridisapproval or criticism. Unless otherwise referenced, the information in this section comes from an excellent and eminently readable review :

Dr. P.M. Dewick. Tumor Inhibitors from Plants, in Treaseand Evans' Pharmacognosy (13th. ed.) 1989, W.C. Evans, BaillièreTindall, London

Comprehensive technical overviews of this whole field can be found in :

Pettit et.al., (1977 - 1985). Biosynthetic Products for Cancer Chemotherapy;Vols. 1-3 New York: Plenum Press; Vols. 4-5 Elsevier, Amsterdam

Cassady and Douros (Eds.), (1980). Anticancer Agents based on Natural Product Models.
Academic Press, New York

The orthodox chemo therapeutic approach to cancer is based upon drugs that inhibit the characteristically uncontrolled development of abnormal cells. This is done by either inhibiting cell division or by killing the cells. Many of the chemicals used are based upon chemical warfare agents such as nitrogen mustard gas. It was discovered that when used in a controlled therapeutic way the toxicity could be directed to some degree. From a pharmacological perspective, an `ideal' chemo therapeutic drug would kill the cancer cells without damaging normal cells. Drugs based upon the chemical attack of alkylating agents such as nitrogen mustard have not proved all that successful in being both effective against cancer cells whilst harmless to others. There area plethora of ethical issues here. Whilst this course is not the place to explore them, please give this some thought.

Research is focusing on the search for new molecular prototypes, new types of chemo therapeutic agent, and plant medicines are proving to be excellent sources of these new compounds. Whilst herbalist's know well that plants have much to offer in the treatment of cancer, it is coming as a surprise to researchers that our `weeds' have such virtues. A recent survey lists over 1400 genera of herbs that have a history of use in cancer treatments.<sup>1, 2

1</sup> Hartwell, J.L. : `Plants used against Cancer. A survey.' Lloydia 30, 379-436 (1967) <sup>2</sup> Hartwell, J.L. : `Plants used against Cancer. A survey.' Lloydia 32, 204-255 (1971) Phytopharmacological research is showing a chemical basis for the reputation of well known anti-cancer remedies, as well as suggesting possibilities in `new' plants.³This search for novel anti-cancer drugs is paradoxically producing excellent scientific information on many previously unresearched herbal remedies.

Recent phytochemical examination of plants which have a suitable history of use in folklore for the treatment of cancer has often resulted in the isolation of principles with antitumor activity. Podophyllum was used this way over 2000 years ago by the Chinese, and resins from Podophyllumhexandrum and the May-apple (P. peltatum) contain lignans having antitumor activity. Whilst the major constituent, podophyllo toxin, are unsuitable for use two derivatives, etoposide and teniposide, have given good results in clinical trials. Etoposide is available for the treatment of small-cell lung cancer and testicular cancer, and teniposide is used in pediatric cancers.

Since antiquity the juice of Bittersweet (Solanum dulcamara) has been used to treat cancers, tumors and warts, and references to its use have appeared in the literature of many countries. A tumor-inhibitory constituent has been identified, the steroidal alkaloid glycoside [[beta]]-solamarine. Lichens, e.g. species of Cetraria and Usnea, also have a history of use in folk medicine against cancer. These are all rich sources of usneic acid, well known as being antibacterial and anti-fungal, but only recently as anti-tumor. The druids used Mistletoe (Viscum album) to treat cancer, and research has found marked anti-tumor activity with fractions of Mistletoe extract.

The most important plant source of materials used in chemotherapy are the alkaloids of Madagascar Periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus). Research was stimulated by its traditional use in the treatment of diabetes. No hypoglycaemic activity was detected, but the susceptibility to bacterial infection in the treated test animals led the researchers to look for possible immunosuppressive effects. Alkaloids with anti-leukemic activity were found, and vincaleukoblastine(vinblastine) and leurocristine (vincristine), are now used, either alone, or in combination with other forms of therapy for cancer treatment. Difference sexists in the kinds of tumors which respond to these alkaloids. Vinblastineis mainly useful in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease, a cancer affecting the lymph glands, spleen and liver, whilst vincristine is used for childhood leukemia. For more details please refer to :

Taylor, W.I. and Farnsworth N.R. (1975). The Catharanthus Alkaloids.Marcel Dekker, London

Methods of investigation
Of the world wide efforts being made, perhaps the best known is that of the US National Cancer Institute. The program aims to screen all the flowering plants of the world to identify anti-tumor activity, a major undertaking! A random-selection screening program was adopted. Since the beginning of the program, a vast number of extracts from sources has been tested for anti-tumor activity. About 4% of the extracts have shown reproducible activity. Over about 25 years, some 114, 000 plants representing 40, 000 species have been tested. Different parts of a plant leaves, roots, etc.--are separately examined wherever possible.⁴ In other words, many hundreds of potentially useful chemicals have been found so far, even with under 10% of the plants yet examined. This begs the question of the validity of using the plants themselves, as the research does not examine the use of the whole plant on human cancers.

A brief review of techniques used is illuminating. The thorny ethical issues will not be emphasized here, but should be obvious to all herbalist's.

The isolation of biologically-active constituents involves different techniques than ordinary phytochemical evaluation. In these, the focus is often on easily extracted constituents, those in the largest quantities or which crystallized readily, or those which are the researcher's field of interest, e.g. alkaloids, terpenoids, phenols, etc. Identification of biological activity was secondary to elucidation of their chemistry, and thus testing for such actions would depend on sufficient material being available. Many medicinally useful compounds have been missed in this way. Current procedures examine the biological activity of all parts of the plant and each fraction of the extract before any constituent is isolated. Usually only those fractions showing biological activity are studied further.

Such changes in approach reflect the recognition by pharmacologists that such activity is a complex process, leading some theorists to sound like medical herbalist's! It is well known that isolated constituents of a plant drug may not give the same clinical response as a preparation of

³ Casually & Douros (1980). Anticancer Agents Based on Natural Product Models. New York: Academic Press.

⁴ Cordell, G.A . : Anti-cancer agents from plants., Progr.Phytochem., 5, 273

that plant. Often, the total therapeutic activity is greater than, or different from the therapeutic activities of the individual chemicals. Synergism or antagonism due to the complex nature of the extract has been postulated as an explanation. It is common for a fraction from a plant extract that has significant biological activity, to contains no single constituent with this activity.

• Routine testing of extract fractions is usually done via an in vitrocytotoxicity test. Such tests are not always a reliable means of predictingin vivo antitumor activity, but they are quick and inexpensive.
• Initially solvents are used to remove much of the inactive material.
• A range of chromatography techniques are then applied for more refined separation of constituents. This is a highly skilled process, needing to avoid chemical changes and separate very similar molecules.
• The chemical structure of the compounds is determined by reviewing spectrographic findings together with phytochemical and biosynthetic reasoning. X-ray crystallography is often employed to establish a definitive structure.
• Promising chemicals are then tested on cancer tissue which have been developed to standardize experimental findings.
• If these results are encouraging, the next stage is pre-clinical toxicological studies.
• This requires relatively large amounts of material, larger-scale extractions and fractionation facilities.

Few compounds reach clinical trials. A low therapeutic index (the ratio of maximum tolerated dose to minimum effective dose), undesirable side-effects or high toxicity may outweigh beneficial tumor-inhibitory activity. Of 25, 000 screens conducted annually by the NCI (including both synthetic and natural materials), only 8-12 compounds are likely to be selected for pre-clinical testing, and only 6-8 may go on to clinical trials.

The random-selection screening program for natural products was terminated by the NCI in 1983. In over 25 years, the program did not identify a single agent for use in the allopathic treatment of cancer. Nevertheless, the number of cytotoxic and anti-tumor agents identified was enormous. The NCI has certainly not lost confidence in the potential of natural products as leads for new anti-cancer agents. Instead of the random-selection screening program, anew screening system was begun in 1986, reducing the scale of the operation, and concentrating on the less thoroughly investigated groups of organisms, including plants, marine animals, fungi and cyanobacteria.

When found using the approach outlined above, tumor-inhibiting constituents are often new to science, and span a wide range of structure. Occasionally, however, they are well known but had not been screened the correct way. Examples relevant to the phytotherapist include usneic acid (Usnea spp.), ellagic acid (Quercus spp.), the anthraquinone aloe-emodin (Cascarasagrada), juglone (Juglans spp.), pyrrolizidine alkaloids, aristolochicacid (Aristolochia spp.), hellebrigenin (Helleborus niger: Black Hellebore), the well known alkaloids used to treat gout from the Autumn Crocus (Colchicum autumnale) and cucurbitacins found in species of Euphorbia, Hypericum and Ecbalium elaterium (the squirting cucumber).

An interesting finding in such research concerns the controversial pyrrolizidinealkaloids, known for their hepatotoxic properties, especially to grazinganimals. Those found in Senecio spp., however, have shown antitumoractivities at dose levels lower than that which is toxic. Indicine-N-oxidefrom Heliotropium indicum (a botanical relative of Comfrey) showedno marked hepato-toxicity, possessed significant anti-tumor activity, and went to clinical trials. The compound showed substantial activity in acute leukemia, but hepatotoxicity was more severe than expected, and the cause is not known.

Studies around the world have identified many new constituents with anti-tumoractivity, and a number of these have been considered sufficiently active for clinical studies to be commenced. Similarly there is much attention given to possible mechanisms of action. Such considerations go beyond the range of this course (let alone my ability to comprehend). The learned journals abound in papers that address all of these issues, for details please refer to the references given above.

Whilst working in conservation and lecturing in ecology and the eco-crisis for the University of Wales, David Hoffman became convinced that to heal the world, to embrace planetary wholeness and responsibility for it ...more

Vitamin C: There May Be a Modern Chronic Deficiency

Friday, April 11, 2008 by: Leigh Kirk
| Key concepts: vitamin C, RDA and fruits

Vitamin C. Mmmm . . . maybe you think of a tall glass of Florida orange juice. Or maybe you grab it at the beginning of the cold season. But would you associate it with cardiovascular disease (CVD) or cancer? Maybe you should. According to an article published in October 2007, in the Journal of Nutrition, there is accumulating scientific evidence that very large (therapeutic) doses of vitamin C may be effective in treating both CVD and cancer. In addition, some scientists have hypothesized that the onset of these common degenerative diseases may actually be due to a vitamin C deficiency in the general population. Dr. Steven Hickey and Dr. Hilary Roberts with the Vitamin C Foundation and authors of the book 'Ascorbate: the Science of Vitamin C', have gone so far as to suggest that heart disease is actually a chronic form of the vitamin C deficiency disease called scurvy.

Vitamin C, found in a variety of fruits and vegetables, is essential not only for our good health, but our very survival. Without vitamin C, human beings will certainly die of scurvy, a disease characterized by bleeding gums, skin discolorations from small ruptured blood vessels, easy bruising, joint pain, loose and decaying teeth, and hyperkeratosis of hair follicles. But along the continuum of health, there is a difference between survival and optimal human health. The real question is how much vitamin C is required for optimal health?

Vitamin C has many essential roles in the body. It is required for the synthesis of collagen, which is a main structural protein in our bodies, giving support to our tissues, including strengthening our blood vessels, ligaments, tendons, bone, and teeth. It is also required for synthesis of hormones, neurotransmitters, and other important substances needed for metabolism. In addition to these functions, vitamin C is a powerful antioxidant. It neutralizes free radicals before they have a chance to damage our cells. Vitamin C is arguably one of the most important antioxidants in our human physiology for its versatility and wide ranging presence.

How Much?

The government’s Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) is defined as the daily amount of a nutrient considered sufficient to meet the requirements of most healthy individuals. For Vitamin C, it is 75 mg/day for adult women and 90 mg/day for adult men (smokers are recommended to have an additional 35 mg/day). The current RDA is adequate to prevent death or serious health issues from acute deficiency of vitamin C (e.g., scurvy). The RDA is also adequate for required collagen and hormone synthesis (the RDA is mainly based on this). But to work effectively as an antioxidant, scientists are learning that vitamin C levels need to be significantly higher in our bodies. And the debate now is over how much is needed.

If we ate the recommended 5 servings of fruits and vegetables per day, we’d easily consume double the RDA for vitamin C and likely a lot more. According to Linus Pauling, a two time Nobel Prize winning chemist who is noted for his vitamin C research, our early human ancestors probably consumed 2,300 mg/day to 9,500 mg/day of vitamin C from their plant-based diet. This is 25 to 100 times more than today’s RDA for an adult man!

History

Scientists have determined that about 40,000 years ago humans lost their own ability, through a genetic mutation, to manufacture vitamin C. Our DNA no longer allowed our cells to make an enzyme which is required to produce vitamin C internally. Evolutionary biologists would argue that the mutation conferred a survival advantage. After all, humans could conserve energy by not manufacturing something that was already abundantly available in their diet.

Along the way, our dependence on fruits and vegetables became obvious. In the 1700’s, sailing ships started stocking limes or vegetables to prevent their crew members from dying of scurvy during long voyages. In 1928, Hungarian biochemist, Albert Szent-Györgyi, finally isolated the mysterious substance known as vitamin C. Since then, scientists have been working to understand exactly how vitamin C functions in our bodies.

Beyond Mere Survival

Today, scientific evidence is highlighting a discrepancy between the amount of vitamin C needed to avoid acute deficiency disease and the amount needed for effective antioxidant protection to ward off major degenerative diseases. This hypothesis is based on vitamin C’s function as a powerful, versatile and pervasive antioxidant in our bodies.

Free radicals are molecules with an unpaired electron that make them highly reactive. They “steal” an electron to make up a more stable pair, hence damaging the molecules around them that have had to relinquish an electron. Free radicals have shown to be a significant contributing factor in the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer. They can trigger premature cell death and inflammation in our vascular system. They can reduce the availability of nitric oxide which helps maintain healthy artery dilation and blood flow. Free radicals can also oxidize LDL cholesterol. As we’re learning, it’s not so much the LDL cholesterol that’s implicated in the development of heart disease, it’s that the LDL cholesterol has been damaged, or “oxidized”, by free radicals. Free radicals can also cause DNA mutation and damage the supportive structure of our cells which can contribute to the development of cancer.

Many studies have shown that increased vitamin C intakes and increased plasma vitamin C concentrations are correlated with a decrease in degenerative diseases. Scientists have also determined and explained the specific mechanisms by which vitamin C scavenges and neutralizes these free radicals, thus providing powerful protection against free radical damage.

Conclusion

The current RDA may be sufficient to avoid acute deficiency disease but may not be enough to help protect us from free radical damage. A reduction of disease risk has been associated with 5 servings of fruits and vegetables per day, and this is likely due at least in part to their vitamin C content. But the vitamin C content in these servings is easily double the RDA. Scientists researching vitamin C have yet to agree upon how much is required for optimal human health. Their estimates vary and typically start at 400 mg/day and go higher.

Dr. Steve Hickey with the Vitamin C Foundation has published open letters to the Food and Nutrition Board and the National Institutes of Health, laying out the reasons why the current RDA is insufficient and why it should be reexamined and readjusted upward.

In the meantime, we can support our health and reduce our risk of degenerative diseases by making sure not to skimp on our 5 servings of fruits and vegetables per day. We may fortify ourselves with a good quality multi-vitamin supplement for the extra vitamin C it provides.

Vitamin C is a water-soluble vitamin, which means that it is not stored in the body and must be replaced by our diet every day. The Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) is the maximum continual intake of a nutrient that is unlikely to cause adverse health effects in almost all people, and for vitamin C the UL is 2 g/day (2,000 mg/day). The most common side effect of taking an amount larger than this is diarrhea. Therefore, healthy individuals have little concern of toxicity if consuming more vitamin C than specified by the RDA.

One word of caution - people who have a high risk of kidney disease, kidney stones, or disorders of iron metabolism should avoid large doses of vitamin C (>500mg). Consult your doctor or nutritionist prior to taking supplementation.

Virtually all fruits and vegetables contain some amount of vitamin C. According to the USDA nutrient database, fruits and vegetables that are among the highest in vitamin C content include: orange juice, grapefruit juice, peaches, peppers (sweet and hot), papayas, strawberries, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, kohlrabi, pineapple, and kiwi fruit. Other fruits noted for their high vitamin C content include: jujube, acerola, camu camu, guava, red and black currants, mango and persimmon.

A New Vitamin D Deficiency Test That Can be Done at Home

Friday, April 11, 2008 by: Virginia Hopkins
| Key concepts: Vitamin D, cancer and vitamin D deficiency

(NaturalNews) Thanks to sun avoidance and indoor lifestyles, Americans are vitamin D deficient. One of the worst things Americans have done to their health is avoid sun exposure. Most of us work inside then sit in our cars, and when we’re outside we slather ourselves with sun block and wear wide-brim hats and long sleeves. As a result, the majority of Americans have a serious vitamin D deficiency. It’s important to know whether your vitamin D levels are low, because a deficiency can increase the risk of our most common diseases, including heart disease and cancer.

In addition to its role in enabling calcium to be absorbed from the gut, new research is showing that vitamin D prevents heart disease, and stops the out-of-control cell growth that characterizes cancer. A number of population studies are suggesting that the less sunshine we get, the higher our risk is for cancers of the colon, prostate, breast, lung and, believe it or not, skin. Other research shows that vitamin D deficiency may be causing autoimmune diseases such as fibromyalgia and multiple sclerosis (MS). Research published in the British Medical Journal (vol. 237, p.316) on multiple sclerosis suggests that children who are exposed to the sun an average of two to three hours a day in the summer are a third less likely to develop MS. Vitamin D deficiency can also cause muscle weakness, osteoporosis and chronic low back pain.

The Sunshine Vitamin
Vitamin D is called the sunshine vitamin. When the sun’s ultraviolet rays are absorbed by the skin, a biochemical process begins in which an active form of vitamin D is created, enters the blood stream and then the cells. You can also get vitamin D from foods such as oily fish, dairy products and supplements, but sunshine is by far our most important source of this essential vitamin.

But haven’t we been warned away from sun exposure? Won’t it cause cancer and wrinkles? Well, yes and no. Our national hysteria about sun damage is grossly exaggerated. It’s one of those myths that has been repeated so much that most everyone assumes it to be true. The sunscreen industry has done a great job selling its wares by scaring us about sun exposure. However, if you dig down and do some research it’s a different story.

Yes, if you repeatedly get sunburned you somewhat increase your risk of non-melanoma skin cancer and wrinkles. The fairer the skin, the more easily it is sunburned and damaged. By far the biggest risk for skin cancer is simply having fair skin - with or without sunscreen. There’s really no substantial evidence that using sunscreen protects you from skin cancer. There is a weak association between melanoma and sunburn, but there is no evidence that using sunscreen prevents melanoma. There is some research indicating that exposure to the sun as a child reduces the risk of melanoma.

How Much Sun Do We Need?

According to Michael Holick, a vitamin D researcher and author of the book, The UV Advantage, between 11 a.m. and 2 p.m. in the summer (when the sun is most intense), a Caucasian with medium-fair skin living in Boston needs five to eight minutes of sunshine daily without sunblock. In winter you need more sun. People who live further north and/or have darker skin need more time and conversely, people who live closer to the equator and have fairer skin need less time.

There is considerable controversy about whether the process of skin tanning is beneficial and protective against the sun’s harmful rays, or whether tanning is actually a symptom of skin damage. Although repeated sunburns are correlated with later skin cancers, people who are brown from spending their lives working outside in the sun do not have higher rates of skin cancer: factors such as light skin, freckles, numerous moles, genetics and exposure to radiation and arsenic are greater risk factors.

The bottom line on healthy sunning is to avoid sunburn; in fact, you should be out of the sun long before your skin starts turning red. If you’re pale as a ghost, begin with just a few minutes a day and gradually work up. If you’re worried about facial wrinkles, wear a hat to shield your face, but allow at least your arms, legs and some of your chest to be exposed.

For those who have low vitamin D levels, live in colder, cloudier, northern climates or who just can’t get out in the sun enough, it’s wise to take a vitamin D supplement. The recommended daily allowance (RDA) of 400 IU is clearly too low. It was put in place before Americans became sun-phobic. Vitamin D is a fat soluble vitamin and as such can accumulate in the body and become toxic, so there has been justifiable concern about taking too much. Now that we have more research, it seems clear that we can safely take 2,000 IU daily in the D3 cholecalciferol form to maintain our vitamin D levels. If you are seriously deficient and your doctor wants to ratchet up your vitamin D levels quickly with large doses, be sure to test levels regularly. Some doctors will recommend 10,000 IU for a few months to get vitamin D levels back to normal.

What Is an Optimal Vitamin D Level?

Vitamin D levels below 20 ng/mL indicate a deficiency, while levels below 30 ng/mL are considered “low.” At this time, the scientific consensus is that optimal vitamin D levels are 30 to 60 ng/mL. Vitamin D can become toxic at levels greater than 150 ng/mL, which is why it’s important to test if you’re taking high dose supplements.

Who Is at Risk for Deficiency?

* The Elderly: As we age we absorb less vitamin D from the sun’s UV rays. Living in a nursing home or becoming homebound can limit exposure to sunshine. Muscle weakness and osteoporosis associated with vitamin D deficiency make the elderly more susceptible to falling and to fracture risk. Research indicates that vitamin D supplementation may decrease the risk of fractures.

* People with Dark Skin: The darker the skin is, the higher melanin levels are. Melanin blocks the action of sunlight on vitamin D precursors in the skin, requiring much longer sunlight exposure to generate adequate circulating vitamin D compared to people with fair skin.

* People with Limited Sunlight Exposure: People living at northern latitudes or who have limited sunlight exposure because of their working environment or cultural dress rules may have low vitamin D levels.

* People with Musculoskeletal Pain: People with symptoms of hypothyroidism, non-specific musculoskeletal pain, chronic low back pain, or fibromyalgia are frequently found to have low vitamin D levels and show clinical improvement after supplementation.

* Overweight or Obese People: Vitamin D can be locked up in fat stores in people who are overweight or obese. In clinical studies, obesity is associated with lower levels of circulating 25-hydroxy vitamin D.

New, Simple Vitamin D Test You Can Do at Home

Until recently, testing vitamin D levels involved a visit to the doctor, then a visit to a lab to draw blood, and considerable expense often not covered by health insurance. Thankfully there’s now a reasonably priced and simple-to-use blood spot test available to consumers that can be done at home.

What Is a Blood Spot Test?

A blood spot test involves a nearly painless finger stick and putting a few drops of blood on a small piece of special blotting paper.

Is the Blood Spot Test for Vitamin D Accurate?

It is highly accurate and unlike others, gives you a measure of both vitamin D2 and D3 and easy-to-interpret results.

To read more about vitamin D, find more references, and order a blood spot test, please visit the Virginia Hopkins Test Kits website ((http://www.virginiahopkinstestkits.com/...) .

References:

Berwick M, Armstrong BK et al, “Sun exposure and mortality from melanoma,” J Natl Cancer Inst 2005; 97:195–99.

Boscoe FP, Schymura MJ, “Solar ultraviolet-B exposure and cancer incidence and mortality in the United States, 1993-2002,” BMC Cancer 2006 Nov 10;6:264.

Dennis LK, Beane Freeman LE et al, “Sunscreen use and the risk for melanoma: a quantitative review,” Ann Intern Med
2003; 139: 966–78.

Ginanjar E, Sumariyono SS et al, “Vitamin d and autoimmune disease,” Acta Med Indones 2007 Oct-Dec;39(3):133-41.
Grant WB, “An estimate of premature cancer mortality in the U.S. due to inadequate doses of solar ultraviolet-B radiation,” Cancer 2002; 94:1867–75.

Holick MF, “Sunlight “D”ilemma: risk of skin cancer or bone disease and muscle weakness,” Lancet 2001; 357: 4–6.

Lin J, Manson JE et al, “Intakes of calcium and vitamin D and breast cancer risk in women,” Arch Intern Med 2007 May 28;167(10):1050-9.

Robien K, Cutler GJ et al, “Vitamin D intake and breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women: the Iowa Women's Health Study,” Cancer Causes Control 2007 Sep;18(7):775-82.

Solomon CC, White E et al “Melanoma and lifetime UV radiation,” Cancer Causes Control 2004 Nov;15(9):893-902.

Thieden E, Philipsen PA et al, “Sunscreen use related to UV exposure, age, sex, and occupation based on personal dosimeter readings and sun-exposure behavior diaries,” Arch Dermatol 2005; 141:967–73.

URIC ACID ( Arthritis Gout) TREATMENT

Joint disease called as also gout rheumatism or Iebih is recognized by the name of uric acid. Disease mi relates to height of blood-vessel acid contents in blood. Someone is told to suffers uric acid if blood-vessel acid contents in its(the blood above 7 mg/dI at men and above 6 mg/dI at woman. Gout happened if uric acid crystal hoard tuanging in articulation to increase. Usually, gout attack arises on the spur of the moment and often happened nocturnal. Generally, groans knee joint, heel, and foot/feet thumb.

Cause
1. Existence of metabolism trouble so that uric acid crystal hoard rate in blood and articulation increases. The improvement can be caused kidney experiencing trouble to throw away uric acid in number which many.
2. Height of purin in food consumed. Excelsior purin hence produce of uric acid in body also increasingly increases.

Symptom and marking
1. Attack happened suddenly, especially after consuming food containing purin.
2. Joint attacked felt pain in bone, swelling, gleams, berwarÒa squeezing, and hot if it is touched.
3. Fever, cool, weakens, and heart palpitates.
4. At chronic gout, arises bump ( tofus). Usually, there is at ear, tip of elbow, knee, and back of hand and foot/feet.

Treatment
1. Avoids food containing high purin, like melinjo, spinach, kangkung, cassava leaf, legume dried along with its(the processing ( knew, tempe, and pie), asparagus, animal viscera, cockle, prawn, crab, food conserved, grog, and tapai.
2. Multiplies drinking white water to release uric acid melalul urine.
3. Multiplies eating much fruit ,like cucumber, watermelon, blewah, and orange.

Herb therapy

Recipe 1
l0 g dry sambiloto
30 g temulawak
25 g red ginger
2 bar serai
a. clean Cud of all material, then sliced temulawak and red ginger. Braises with 800 cc water so remains 400 cc, then filtered.
b. Drinks 2 times one day.

Recipe 2
30 g dry catkin plant
15 g ceplukan drought ( 30 g fresh)
60 g fresh seagegrass root
a. Washs out all material, braises with 800 cc water so remains 400 cc, then filtered.
b. Drinks is each 200 cc 2 times one day ( recipe mi also able to be applied for kidney trouble and infection of channel kemih).

Recipe 3
15 greeting leaf sheets
3-5 g dry deity crown kernel
a. Cleans all material, braises with 600 cc water so remains 300 cc, then filtered.
b. Drinks 2 times one day ( for uric acid which disertal high cholesterol and diabetes mellitus).

Recipe 4
2 fruit of mengkudu matured fresh
30 g fresh gotu kola ( 15 g drought).
60 g sidaguri along with its(the root ( 30 g drought)
a. Washs out all material, braises with 800 cc water so remains 400 cc, then filtered.
b. Drinks 200 cc 2 times one day.

Recipe 5
30 g fresh meniran
20 g turmeric
30 g earring along with its(the root
a. Washs out all material, braises with 800 cc water so remains 400 cc, then filtered.
b. Drinks 2 times one day.

Recipe 6 ( external usage)
Leaf and root komprey sufficiently
a. Washs out material, refines.
b. Pastes up at bloated and ill joint around 10 minutes ( doesn't too old because can cause blister skin).

Note:
choose one of recipe and does regularly.

LUNG ABSCESS TREATMENT

lnfection at lung accompanied with accumulation of matter and network damage.

Cause
Effect existence of foreign object, like food-stuff cutting stepping into respiration road(street of lung. Unable to awake it hygiene of mouth disertal tooth disease and gum also can cause lung abscess.

Symptom and marking
Coughs with phlegm containing blood pock and aroma, asphyxia, chest pain in bone, abundant sweat, fever, trembles, headache, and body weight declines.

Herb therapy

Recipe 1
60 g caryopsis seed, soft finite soaking
15 g white mushroom run dry
l0 g corm anggek soil;land;ground ( baiji/paicik)
a. Washs out material, braises with 800cc water hinggajali soft.
b. Eats until pot is clean.

Recipe 2
15 g dry sambiloto
100 g crocodile blade of tongue, strip
30 g lily interest corm ( protactinium hap)
2 honey tablespoon
a. Washs out all material, braises with 600 cc water so remains 300 cc, then filtered.
b. Adds honey, then drinked 2 times one day.

Recipe 3
100 g interest waru fresh porcupine ( 30 g if drought)
60 g fresh sangketan
Honey sufficiently
a. Washs out all material, braises with 800cc water so remains 400 cc, then filtered
b. Adds honey, then drinked 200 cc 2 times one day.

Recipe 4
30 g patikan kebo
30 g gotu kola
5 leaf sheet sirih
a. Washs out all material, braises with 600 cc water so remains 200 cc, then filtered
b. Drinks its

Note:
Choose one of recipe and does regularly. For serious sigh, permanent of consultancy to medical doctor.

SKIN ABSCESS TTREATMENT

Be inflammation at dermal tissue in the form of bubble or swelling containing matter. Usually, abscess because of infection of germ. Skin abscess releasing matter will recover swiftly if it is carried through drought.
Cause
Abscess can happened because infection and hurt, incision, or infection and skin gland.
Herb therapy

Recipe 1
30 g fresh krokot
30 g caryopsis seed, soaking
a. Washs out material, braises with 800 cc water so remains 250 cc.
b. Drinks whilst warm and eats its(the caryopsis.

Recipe 2
15 g leaf pare
25 g temulawak, cuts to pieces
a. Washs out material, braises with 600 cc water so remains 200 cc, then filtered
b. Drinks its(the water.

Recipe 3 ( external usage)
Sambiloto sufficiently
a. Washs out material, refines.
b. Pastes up at ill part, then wraped. Changes 3-4 times one day.

Recipe 4 ( external usage)
Leaf miana sufficiently Kunyit sufficiently
a. Washs out material, refines.
b. Pastes up at ill part, then wraped. Changes 3-4 times one day.

Recipe 5 ( external usage)
Flower leaf telang and its(the interest having colour blue, Demerara sufficiently
a. Washs out material, refines.
b. Pastes up at ill part, then wraped. Changes 3-4 times one day.

Recipe 6 ( external usage)
Suruhan sufficiently
Shoe flower leaf sufficiently
a. Washs out, refines.
b. Pastes up at ill part, then wraped. Changes 3-4 times one day.

Recipe 7 ( external usage)
thyroid Leaf or eceng fresh root sufficiently, Salt sufficiently
a. Washs out material, refines.
b. Pastes up at ill part, then wraped. Changes 3-4 times one day.

Note:
Select;chooses one of external usage recipe and does regularly.